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The epistemic virtues, as identified by virtue epistemologists, reflect their contention that belief is an ethical process, and thus susceptible to the intellectual virtue or vice of one's own life and personal experiences. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy concerned with the question "How do we know?" Some epistemic virtues have been identified by W. Jay Wood, based on research into the medieval tradition. The list below substantially overlaps with his. Being an epistemically virtuous person is often equated with being a critical thinker.〔Bishop, M., & Trout, J. D. 2004. ''Epistemology and the Psychology of Human Judgment''. Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕 * attentiveness * benevolence (Principle of Charity) * coachability * circumspection * conscientiousness〔Greco, John. 2011. .〕 * creativity * curiosity * discernment * discretion * foresight * intellectual honesty * intellectual humility * imaginativeness * interpretive sensitivity * objectivity * parsimony (Occam's razor) * perceptiveness * prudence/practical wisdom * studiousness * tenacity * truthfulness * understanding * warrant * wisdom Note that in this context ''curiosity'' bears the modern connotation of ''inquisitiveness'', in contrast to the medieval connotation of attraction to unwholesome things. These can be contrasted to the ''epistemic vices'' such as: * closed-mindedness * curiosity (below ) * dogmatism * epistemic blindness * folly * gullibility * intellectual dishonesty * obtuseness * self-deception * superficiality of thought * superstition * willful naïveté * wishful thinking Note that in this context ''curiosity'' bears the medieval connotation of attraction to unwholesome things, in contrast to the positive ''studious'' (or perhaps ''inquisitive''). == See also == * Egocentrism * Intellectual virtue 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Epistemic virtue」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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